TY  - CHAP
A2  - Espmark, Y.
A2  - Amudsen, T.
A2  - Rosenqvist, G.
AU  - Andersson, S.
CY  - Trondheim, Norway
PB  - Tapir Academic Press
PY  - 2000
SE  - 24
SN  - 82-519-1545-7
SP  - 47-60
ST  - Efficacy and content in avian colour signals
T2  - Animal Signals: signallling and signal design in animal communication
T3  - The Royal Norwegian Society of Sciences and Letters
TI  - Efficacy and content in avian colour signals
ID  - 4549
ER  - 


TY  - JOUR
AB  - In birds, carotenoid-based plumage coloration is more dependent on physical condition and foraging abilities and less constrained developmentally than is melanin-based coloration. Thus, female mate choice for honest signals should result in more intense sexual selection on carotenoid- than on melanin-based plumage coloration. Using variation in sexual dimorphism as an indirect measure of the intensity of sexual selection, we tested the prediction that variation in sexual dimorphism is driven more by change in carotenoid-based coloration between males and females than by change in melanin-based coloration. Examination of historical changes in carotenoid- versus melanin-based pigmentation in 126 extant species of Cardueline finches supported this prediction. We found that carotenoid-derived coloration changed more frequently among congeners than melanin-based coloration. In both sexes, increase in carotenoid-based coloration score, but not in melanin-based coloration score, was strongly associated with increase in sexual dichromatism. In addition, sexual dimorphism in carotenoid-based coloration contributed more to overall dichromatism than dimorphism in melanin-based plumage. Our results supported the hypothesis that melanin-based and carotenoid-based coloration have fundamentally different signal content and suggest that combining melanin-based and carotenoid-based coloration in comparative analyses is not appropriate. (C) 2000 The Linnean Society of London.
AU  - Badyaev, A. V.
AU  - Hill, G. E.
DO  - https://doi.org/10.1006/bij1.1999.0350
IS  - 2
J2  - Biol. J. Linn. Soc.
L1  - internal-pdf://1091295385/Badyaev2000Evolution.pdf
N1  - Export Date: 6 May 2010
PY  - 2000
SP  - 153-172
ST  - Evolution of sexual dichromatism: contribution of carotenoid- versus melanin-based coloration
T2  - Biological Journal of the Linnean Society
TI  - Evolution of sexual dichromatism: contribution of carotenoid- versus melanin-based coloration
UR  - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0033836328&partnerID=40&md5=2d7af5263b5b05b2a3482ea33415eb24
VL  - 69
ID  - 3490
ER  - 


TY  - JOUR
AB  - There is a lot of variation, and many sources of variation
AU  - Bortolotti, G. R.
AU  - Tella, J. L.
AU  - Forero, M. G.
AU  - Dawson, R. D.
AU  - Negro, J. J.
DO  - https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2000.1160
J2  - Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B
KW  - carotenoid
kestrel
L1  - internal-pdf://0548713001/Bortolotti2000Genetics.pdf
PY  - 2000
SP  - 1433-1438
ST  - Genetics, local environment and health as factors influencing plasma carotenoids in wild American kestrels (Falco spaverious)
T2  - Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B
TI  - Genetics, local environment and health as factors influencing plasma carotenoids in wild American kestrels (Falco spaverious)
VL  - 267
ID  - 1112
ER  - 


TY  - JOUR
AB  - As predicted by Lozano1994
AU  - Brawner, W. R., III
AU  - Hill, G. E.
AU  - Sundermann, C. A.
DO  - https://doi.org/10.1093/auk/117.4.952
KW  - carotenoid
house finch
parasitism-birds
L1  - internal-pdf://3051158694/Brawner2000Effect.pdf
PY  - 2000
SP  - 952-963
ST  - Effects of coccidial and mycoplasm infections on carotenoid-based plumage pigmentation in male house finches
T2  - Auk
TI  - Effects of coccidial and mycoplasm infections on carotenoid-based plumage pigmentation in male house finches
VL  - 117
ID  - 1117
ER  - 


TY  - JOUR
AB  - Fitness costs of signalling are essential in order for reliable sexual signalling to prevail when the interests of the sexes conflict. This means that signalling can be subjected to a life history trade–off between present and future signalling effort. Here, I show that three–spined stickleback males (Gasterosteus aculeatus), who have a single breeding season during which they breed repeatedly, change their red nuptial coloration over the season depending on their body size at the start of breeding. Large males that completed several breeding cycles increased their red coloration over the season, whereas small males, who completed only a few cycles, did not. The increase in coloration was accompanied by an increase in parental success when males were energy constrained, but not when they had access to an unlimited food supply. Red coloration was thus an honest signal of male parental ability despite changes in signal expression when both signalling and parental care were costly and the investments in them changed simultaneously over the reproductive lifetime. However, the honesty of the signal varied over a lifetime. At the penultimate cycle, bright males cannibalized some of their eggs, probably to increase survival to the last cycle, whereas males cared for their offspring independent of coloration at the ultimate cycle.
AU  - Candolin, U.
DO  - https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2000.1301
IS  - 1460
J2  - Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B
L1  - internal-pdf://2415995576/Candolin2000Changes.pdf
PY  - 2000
SN  - 0962-8452
SP  - 2425-2430
ST  - Changes in expression and honesty of sexual signalling over the reproductive lifetime of sticklebacks
T2  - Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B
TI  - Changes in expression and honesty of sexual signalling over the reproductive lifetime of sticklebacks
UR  - https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/10.1098/rspb.2000.1301
VL  - 267
ID  - 1618
ER  - 


TY  - JOUR
AU  - Candolin, U.
DO  - https://doi.org/10.1007/s002650000267
J2  - Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol.
L1  - internal-pdf://4072563829/Candolin2000Male.pdf
PY  - 2000
SP  - 57-61
ST  - Male-male competition ensures honest signaling of male parental ability in the three-spined stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus)
T2  - Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology
TI  - Male-male competition ensures honest signaling of male parental ability in the three-spined stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus)
VL  - 49
ID  - 1620
ER  - 


TY  - JOUR
AU  - Grether, G. F.
DO  - https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0014-3820.2000.tb00715.x
IS  - 5
J2  - Evolution
L1  - internal-pdf://3339616552/Grether2000Carotenoid.pdf
PY  - 2000
SP  - 1712-1724
ST  - Carotenoid limitation and mate preference evolution: a test of the indicator hypothesis in guppies (Poecilia reticulata)
T2  - Evolution
TI  - Carotenoid limitation and mate preference evolution: a test of the indicator hypothesis in guppies (Poecilia reticulata)
VL  - 54
ID  - 1734
ER  - 


TY  - JOUR
AB  - Carotenoid-based integument colour in animals has been hypothesised to signal individual phenotypic quality because it reliably reflects either foraging efficiency or health status. We investigated whether carotenoid-derived yellow plumage coloration of fledgling great tits (Parus major) reflects their nestling history. Great tit fledglings reared in a poor year (1998) or in the urban habitat were less yellow than these reared in a good year (1999) or in the forest. The origin of nestlings also affected their coloration since nestlings from a city population did not improve their coloration when transferred to the forest. Brood size manipulation affected fledgling colour, but only in the rural population, where nestlings from reduced broods developed more yellow coloration than nestlings from increased and control broods. Effect of brood size manipulation on fledgling plumage colour was independent of the body mass, indicating that growth environment affects fledgling body mass and plumage colour by different pathways.
AD  - Institute of Zoology and Hydrobiology, Tartu University, Vanemuise 46, 51014 Tartu, Estonia. horak@ut.ee
AN  - 11129946
AU  - Hõrak, P.
AU  - Vellau, H.
AU  - Ots, I.
AU  - Møller, A. P.
DA  - Oct
DO  - https://doi.org/10.1007/s001140050759
ET  - 2000/12/29
IS  - 10
J2  - Naturwissenschaften
L1  - internal-pdf://0128471905/Horak2000Growth.pdf
LA  - eng
N1  - Horak, P
Vellau, H
Ots, I
Moller, A P
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
Germany
Die Naturwissenschaften
Naturwissenschaften. 2000 Oct;87(10):460-4.
PY  - 2000
SN  - 0028-1042 (Print)
SP  - 460-4
ST  - Growth conditions affect carotenoid-based plumage coloration of great tit nestlings
T2  - Naturwissenschaften
TI  - Growth conditions affect carotenoid-based plumage coloration of great tit nestlings
UR  - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=11129946
VL  - 87
ID  - 1380
ER  - 


TY  - JOUR
AU  - Møller, A. P.
AU  - Biard, C.
AU  - Blount, J. D.
AU  - Houston, D. C.
AU  - Ninni, P.
AU  - Saino, N.
AU  - Surai, P. F.
J2  - Avian Poult. Biol. Rev.
L1  - internal-pdf://Møller2000Carotenoid-4243658767/Møller2000Carotenoid.pdf
PY  - 2000
SP  - 137-159
ST  - Carotenoid-dependent signals: indicators of foraging efficiency, immunocompetence or detoxification ability?
T2  - Avian and Poultry Biology Reviews
TI  - Carotenoid-dependent signals: indicators of foraging efficiency, immunocompetence or detoxification ability?
VL  - 11
ID  - 1892
ER  - 


TY  - JOUR
AU  - Negro, J. J.
AU  - Garrido-Fernández, J
DO  - https://doi.org/10.1016/S0305-0491(00)00180-2
J2  - Comp. Biochem. Physiol. B
L1  - internal-pdf://3625181471/Negro2000Astaxanthin.pdf
PY  - 2000
SP  - 347-352
ST  - Astaxanthin is the major carotenoid in tissues of white storks (Ciconia ciconia) feeding in introduced crayfish (Procambarus clarkii)
T2  - Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology, Part B
TI  - Astaxanthin is the major carotenoid in tissues of white storks (Ciconia ciconia) feeding in introduced crayfish (Procambarus clarkii)
VL  - 126
ID  - 1735
ER  - 


TY  - JOUR
AU  - Negro, J. J.
AU  - Tella, J. L.
AU  - Blanco, G.
AU  - Forero, M. G.
AU  - Garrido-Fernández, J
DO  - https://doi.org/10.1086/316724
IS  - 1
J2  - Physiol. Biochem. Zool.
L1  - internal-pdf://0765987238/Negro2000Diet.pdf
PY  - 2000
SP  - 97-101
ST  - Diet explains interpopulation variation of plasma carotenoids and skin  pigmentation in nestling white storks
T2  - Physiological and Biochemical Zoology
TI  - Diet explains interpopulation variation of plasma carotenoids and skin  pigmentation in nestling white storks
VL  - 73
ID  - 1736
ER  - 


TY  - JOUR
AB  - A huge paper that I will never read
AU  - Poiani, A.
AU  - Goldsmith, A. R.
AU  - Evans, M. R.
DO  - https://doi.org/10.1007/s002650050660
J2  - Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol.
KW  - immunity-be
parasitism-birds
sparrow
testosterone
L1  - internal-pdf://2647211463/Poiani2000Ectoparasites.pdf
PY  - 2000
SP  - 230-242
ST  - Ectoparasites of house sparrows (Passer domesticus): an experimental test of the immunocompetence handicap hypothesis and a new model
T2  - Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology
TI  - Ectoparasites of house sparrows (Passer domesticus): an experimental test of the immunocompetence handicap hypothesis and a new model
VL  - 47
ID  - 1086
ER  - 


TY  - JOUR
AU  - Saino, N.
AU  - Ninni, P.
AU  - Incagli, M
AU  - Calza, S.
AU  - Sacchi, R.
AU  - Møller, A P
DO  - https://doi.org/10.1086/316996
IS  - 6
J2  - Am. Nat.
L1  - internal-pdf://1213814072/Saino2000Begging.pdf
PY  - 2000
SP  - 637-649
ST  - Begging and parental care in relation to offspring need and condition in the barn swallow (Hirundo rustica)
T2  - American Naturalist
TI  - Begging and parental care in relation to offspring need and condition in the barn swallow (Hirundo rustica)
VL  - 156
ID  - 1612
ER  - 


TY  - JOUR
AB  - In the lab differences in parasite load and colouration between courting and non-courting males, which were evident int he field, disappeared. Yes, ad-lib food poses a problem
AU  - Candolin, U.
AU  - Voigt, H. R.
DO  - https://doi.org/10.1017/s0031182001007600
J2  - Parasitology
KW  - methods
ad-lib food
Parasitism
Carotenoid
L1  - internal-pdf://0798951682/Candolin2001No.pdf
PY  - 2001
SP  - 457-464
ST  - No effect of a parasite on reproduction in stickleback males: a laboratory artefact ?
T2  - Parasitology
TI  - No effect of a parasite on reproduction in stickleback males: a laboratory artefact ?
VL  - 122
ID  - 1796
ER  - 


TY  - JOUR
AU  - Faivre, M.
AU  - Préault, M.
AU  - Théry, M.
AU  - Secondi, J.
AU  - Patris, B.
AU  - Cézilly, F.
DO  - https://doi.org/10.1006/anbe.2000.1669
J2  - Anim. Behav.
L1  - internal-pdf://0210416420/Faivre2001Breeding.pdf
PY  - 2001
SP  - 969-974
ST  - Breeding strategy and morphological characters in an urban population of blackbirds, Turdus merula
T2  - Animal Behaviour
TI  - Breeding strategy and morphological characters in an urban population of blackbirds, Turdus merula
VL  - 61
ID  - 1685
ER  - 


TY  - JOUR
AB  - Carotenoid-based sexual coloration is the classic example of an honest signal of mate quality. Animals cannot synthesize carotenoid pigments and ultimately depend on dietary sources. Thus, in carotenoid-poor environments, carotenoid coloration may be a direct indicator of foraging ability and an indirect indicator of health and vigour. Carotenoid coloration may also be affected, more directly, by parasites in some species. Carotenoids are not, however, the only conspicuous pigments available to animals. Pteridine pigments, with similar spectral properties, are displayed in the exoskeletons and wings of insects, the irides of birds and the skins of fishes, lizards and amphibians. Unlike carotenoids, pteridines are synthesized de novo by animals. We report that the orange spots that male guppies (Poecilia reticulata) display to females contain red pteridine pigments (drosopterins) in addition to carotenoids. We also examined the relationship between drosopterin production by males and carotenoid availability in the field. The results contrasted sharply with the hypothesis that males use drosopterins to compensate for carotenoid scarcity: males used more, not less, drosopterins in streams with higher carotenoid availability. The positive association between drosopterin use and carotenoid availability could reflect the costs of drosopterin synthesis or it could be a consequence of females preferring a particular pigment ratio or hue. Male guppies appear to use drosopterin pigments in a manner that dilutes, but does not eliminate, the indicator value of carotenoid coloration.
AD  - Department of Organismic Biology, Ecology and Evolution, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1606, USA. ggrether@ucla.edu
AN  - 11410150
AU  - Grether, G. F.
AU  - Hudon, J.
AU  - Endler, J. A.
DA  - Jun 22
DO  - https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2001.1624
ET  - 2001/06/19
IS  - 1473
J2  - Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B
L1  - internal-pdf://3991519785/Grether2001Carotenoid.pdf
LA  - eng
N1  - Grether, G F
Hudon, J
Endler, J A
Comparative Study
Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.
England
Proceedings. Biological sciences / The Royal Society
Proc Biol Sci. 2001 Jun 22;268(1473):1245-53.
PY  - 2001
SN  - 0962-8452 (Print)
SP  - 1245-53
ST  - Carotenoid scarcity, synthetic pteridine pigments and the evolution of sexual coloration in guppies (Poecilia reticulata)
T2  - Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B
TI  - Carotenoid scarcity, synthetic pteridine pigments and the evolution of sexual coloration in guppies (Poecilia reticulata)
UR  - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=11410150
VL  - 268
ID  - 1372
ER  - 


TY  - BOOK
AU  - Hill, G. E. 
PB  - Oxford University Press
PY  - 2001
ST  - A red bird in a brown bag: the function and evolution of colourful plumage in the house finch
TI  - A red bird in a brown bag: the function and evolution of colourful plumage in the house finch
ID  - 1893
ER  - 


TY  - JOUR
AB  - Carotenoid-based sexual coloration has been hypothesised to be prevalent across many vertebrate taxa because it reliably reflects individual phenotypic quality in terms of foraging efficiency or health status due to the trade-off between signal colour and use of carotenoids for immune function and detoxification. We investigated the ventral, yellow coloration of breeding adult great tits ( Parus major  L.) in relation to sex, age, breeding habitat, local survival and infection status with  Haemoproteus  blood parasites. The extent of plumage coloration (estimated as hue and lutein absorbance) was generally higher in rural than in urban birds. Males had higher values of hue than females. In both male and female yearlings, unparasitised individuals had greater hue of yellow plumage than parasitised ones, while older males revealed the opposite pattern. Infected yearlings survived worse than uninfected yearlings, while the opposite was true for old breeders. Survivors had generally higher values of hue than non-survivors. These results are consistent with predictions of functional hypotheses, suggesting that carotenoid-based plumage coloration serves as a signal reflecting individual quality in terms of health status and local survival.
AN  - 4408
AU  - Hõrak, P.
AU  - Ots, I.
AU  - Vellau, H.
AU  - Spottiswoode, C.
AU  - Møller, A. P.
DO  - https://doi.org/10.1007/s004420000513
KW  - BLOOD PARASITES
CAROTENOIDS
FORAGING
HABITAT
HAEMOPROTEUS
HEALTH
PARUS MAJOR
SURVIVAL
URBAN
L1  - internal-pdf://0376938600/Horak2001Carotenoid.pdf
PY  - 2001
SP  - 166-173
ST  - Carotenoid-based plumage coloration reflects hemoparasite infection and local survival in breeding great tits
T2  - Oecologia
TI  - Carotenoid-based plumage coloration reflects hemoparasite infection and local survival in breeding great tits
VL  - 123
ID  - 1703
ER  - 


TY  - JOUR
AB  - Hill refutted with a witty rebuttal.
AU  - Lozano, G. A.
DO  - https://doi.org/10.1086/321313
IS  - 2
J2  - Am. Nat.
KW  - carotenoids
sexual selection
immunity
L1  - internal-pdf://4029679001/Lozano2001Carotenoids.pdf
PY  - 2001
SP  - 200-203
ST  - Carotenoids, immunity, and sexual selection: comparing apples and oranges?
T2  - American Naturalist
TI  - Carotenoids, immunity, and sexual selection: comparing apples and oranges?
VL  - 158
ID  - 17
ER  - 


TY  - JOUR
AU  - Negro, J. J.
AU  - Tella, J. L.
AU  - Hiraldo, F.
AU  - Bortolotti, G. R.
AU  - Prieto, P.
IS  - 2
L1  - internal-pdf://1530604203/Negro2001Sex.pdf
PY  - 2001
SP  - 275-280
ST  - Sex- and age-related variation in plasma carotenoids despite a constant diet in the red-legged partridge Alectoris rufa
T2  - Ardea
TI  - Sex- and age-related variation in plasma carotenoids despite a constant diet in the red-legged partridge Alectoris rufa
VL  - 89
ID  - 1772
ER  - 


TY  - JOUR
AU  - Pryke, S. R.
AU  - Lawes, M. J.
AU  - Andersson, S.
DO  - https://doi.org/10.1006/anbe.2001.1804
J2  - Anim. Behav.
L1  - internal-pdf://2324596589/Pryke2K01Agonistic.pdf
PY  - 2001
SP  - 695-704
ST  - Agonistic carotenoid signalling in male red-collared widowbirds: aggression related to the colour signal of both the territory owner and model intruder
T2  - Animal Behaviour
TI  - Agonistic carotenoid signalling in male red-collared widowbirds: aggression related to the colour signal of both the territory owner and model intruder
VL  - 62
ID  - 1727
ER  - 


TY  - JOUR
AU  - Arlettaz, R.
AU  - Christe, P.
AU  - Surai, P. F.
AU  - Møller, A. P.
DO  - https://doi.org/10.1006/anbe.2002.3097
J2  - Anim. Behav.
L1  - internal-pdf://3748924126/Arlettaz2002Deliberate.pdf
PY  - 2002
SP  - F1-F3
ST  - Deliberate rusty staining of plumage in the bearded vulture: does function precede art?
T2  - Animal Behaviour
TI  - Deliberate rusty staining of plumage in the bearded vulture: does function precede art?
VL  - 64
ID  - 1634
ER  - 


TY  - BOOK
A2  - Harvey, P.
A2  - May, R.
AU  - Bennett, P.
AU  - Owens, I. 
PB  - Oxford University Press
PY  - 2002
SP  - 296 
ST  - Evolutionary Ecology of Birds: Life Histories, Mating systems, and Extinction
T2  - Oxford Series in Ecology and Evolution
TI  - Evolutionary Ecology of Birds: Life Histories, Mating systems, and Extinction
ID  - 3667
ER  - 


TY  - JOUR
AU  - Blount, J. D.
AU  - Surai, P. F.
AU  - Nager, R. G.
AU  - Houston, D. C.
AU  - Møller, A. P.
AU  - Trewby, M. L.
AU  - Kennedy, M. W.
DO  - https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2001.1840
J2  - Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B
L1  - internal-pdf://1179413859/Blount2002carotenoids.pdf
PY  - 2002
SP  - 29-36
ST  - Carotenoids and egg quality in the lesser blackbacked gull Larus fuscus: a supplemental feeding study of maternal effects
T2  - Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B
TI  - Carotenoids and egg quality in the lesser blackbacked gull Larus fuscus: a supplemental feeding study of maternal effects
VL  - 269
ID  - 1768
ER  - 


TY  - JOUR
AU  - Bouslama, Z.
AU  - Lambrechts, M. M.
AU  - Ziane, N.
AU  - Djenidi, R. D.
AU  - Chabi, Y. 
DO  - https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1474-919X.2002.00070_5.x
J2  - Ibis
L1  - internal-pdf://Bouslama2002The-0099464975/Bouslama2002The.pdf
PY  - 2002
SP  - E73-E78
ST  - The effect of nest ectoparasites on parental provisioning in a north-African population of the Blue Tit Parus caeruleus
T2  - Ibis 
TI  - The effect of nest ectoparasites on parental provisioning in a north-African population of the Blue Tit Parus caeruleus
VL  - 144
ID  - 1895
ER  - 


TY  - JOUR
AN  - 5814
AU  - Hõrak, P.
AU  - Surai, P. F.
AU  - Møller, A. P.
J2  - Avian Sci.
KW  - PARUS
PARUS MAJOR
HABITAT
LAYING SEQUENCE
L1  - internal-pdf://3066853996/Horak2002Fat.pdf
N1  - NOT IN FILE
PY  - 2002
SP  - 123-130
ST  - Fat-soluble antioxidants in the eggs of great tits Parus major in relation to breeding habitat and laying sequence
T2  - Avian Science
TI  - Fat-soluble antioxidants in the eggs of great tits Parus major in relation to breeding habitat and laying sequence
VL  - 2
ID  - 1698
ER  - 


TY  - CHAP
A2  - Soler, M.
AU  - Martín-Vivaldi, M.
AU  - Cabrero, J.
CY  - España
L1  - internal-pdf://1065627737/Martin-Vivaldi2000Seleccion.pdf
PB  - Proyecto Sur. 
PY  - 2002
SE  - 13
SP  - 235-259
ST  - Selección sexual
T2  - Evolución: La base de la biología
TI  - Selección sexual
ID  - 1891
ER  - 


TY  - BOOK
AU  - Moore, J. 
L1  - internal-pdf://Have it!-3072965376/Have it!.pdf
PB  - Oxford University Press
PY  - 2002
ST  - Parasites and the Behavior of Animals
TI  - Parasites and the Behavior of Animals
ID  - 1894
ER  - 


TY  - JOUR
AU  - Wiebe, K. L.
AU  - Bortolotti, G. R.
DO  - https://www.jstor.org/stable/4164474
IS  - 3
J2  - Wilson Bull.
L1  - internal-pdf://2354049044/Wiebe2002Variation.pdf
PY  - 2002
SP  - 393-400
ST  - Variation in carotenoid-based color in Northern flickers in a hybrid zone
T2  - Wilson Bulletin
TI  - Variation in carotenoid-based color in Northern flickers in a hybrid zone
VL  - 114
ID  - 1769
ER  - 


TY  - JOUR
AU  - Zuk, M.
AU  - Stoehr, A. M.
DO  - https://doi.org/10.1086/342131
J2  - Am. Nat.
L1  - internal-pdf://1992987077/Zuk2002Immune.pdf
PY  - 2002
SP  - S9-S22
ST  - Immune defense and host life history
T2  - American Naturalist
TI  - Immune defense and host life history
VL  - 160
ID  - 1636
ER  - 


TY  - JOUR
AU  - Blount, J. D.
AU  - Metcalfe, N. B.
AU  - Birkhead, T. R.
AU  - Surai, P. F.
DA  - 4 April 2003
DO  - https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1082142
L1  - internal-pdf://0498829135/Blount2003Carotenoid.pdf
internal-pdf://0441988825/Blount2003Carotenoid-Proof.pdf
PY  - 2003
SE  - 125
SP  - 125-127
ST  - Carotenoid modulation of immune function and sexual attractiveness in zebra finches
T2  - Nature
TI  - Carotenoid modulation of immune function and sexual attractiveness in zebra finches
VL  - 300
ID  - 1737
ER  - 


TY  - JOUR
AU  - Faivre, M.
AU  - Préault, M.
AU  - Salvadori, F.
AU  - Théry, M.
AU  - Gaillard, M.
AU  - Cézilly, F.
DO  - https://doi.org/10.1006/anbe.2003.2142
J2  - Anim. Behav.
L1  - internal-pdf://1041423166/Faivre2003Bill.pdf
PY  - 2003
SP  - 1125-1131
ST  - Bill colour and immunocompetence in the European blackbird
T2  - Animal Behaviour
TI  - Bill colour and immunocompetence in the European blackbird
VL  - 65
ID  - 1686
ER  - 


TY  - JOUR
AU  - Godin, J-G., J.
AU  - McDonough, H. E.
DO  - https://doi.org/10.1093/beheco/14.2.194
J2  - Behav. Ecol. 
L1  - internal-pdf://2122064580/Godin2003Predator.pdf
PY  - 2003
SP  - 194-200
ST  - Predator preference for brightly colored males in the guppy: a viability cost for a sexually selected trait
T2  - Behavioral Ecology
TI  - Predator preference for brightly colored males in the guppy: a viability cost for a sexually selected trait
VL  - 14
ID  - 1861
ER  - 


TY  - JOUR
AU  - Heindl, M.
AU  - WInkler, H.
DO  - https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1439-0310.2003.00869.x
L1  - internal-pdf://0002858970/Heindl2003Female.pdf
PY  - 2003
SP  - 259-271
ST  - Female canaries (Serinus canaria) associate more with males that contrast strongly against the background
T2  - Ethology
TI  - Female canaries (Serinus canaria) associate more with males that contrast strongly against the background
VL  - 109
ID  - 1862
ER  - 


TY  - JOUR
AB  - Darwin introduced the idea that ornamental secondary sexual traits have evolved in response to female preferences for showy males. Among such traits, yellow and red carotenoid-based ornaments have been considered as particularly good candidates for explaining why and how females would benefit from mating with showy partners. Because carotenoids can be used for promotion of both health and appearance, colourful male ornaments should honestly reveal the vigour of the bearers. Two recent experiments with birds now show how allocation of bodily carotenoids to sexual signalling is traded off against the use of carotenoids for boosting immune function.
AN  - 6679
AU  - Hõrak, P.
AU  - Saks, L.
DO  - https://doi.org/10.1002/bies.10325
IS  - 8
J2  - BioEssays
KW  - ZHI
L1  - internal-pdf://0773131137/Horak2003Animal.pdf
PY  - 2003
SP  - 746-747
ST  - Animal allure and health linked by plant pigments
T2  - BioEssays
TI  - Animal allure and health linked by plant pigments
UR  - ISI:000184508500003 
VL  - 25
ID  - 1702
ER  - 


TY  - JOUR
AU  - Hudon, J.
AU  - Grether, G. F.
AU  - Millie, D. F.
DO  - https://doi.org/10.1086/378138
IS  - 6
J2  - Physiol. Biochem. Zool.
L1  - internal-pdf://2312151407/Hudon2003Marginal.pdf
PY  - 2003
SP  - 776-790
ST  - Marginal differentiation between the sexual and general carotenoid pigmentation of guppies (Poecilia reticulata) and a possible visual explanation
T2  - Physiological and Biochemical Zoology
TI  - Marginal differentiation between the sexual and general carotenoid pigmentation of guppies (Poecilia reticulata) and a possible visual explanation
VL  - 76
ID  - 1785
ER  - 


TY  - JOUR
AU  - Jawor, J. M.
AU  - Breitwisch, R.
DO  - https://doi.org/10.1093/auk/120.2.249
IS  - 2
L1  - internal-pdf://2348184048/Jawor2003Melanin.pdf
PY  - 2003
SP  - 249-265
ST  - Melanin ornamanents, honesty, and sexual selection
T2  - Auk
TI  - Melanin ornamanents, honesty, and sexual selection
VL  - 120
ID  - 1776
ER  - 


TY  - JOUR
AU  - Kurtz, J.
DO  - https://doi.org/10.1078/0944-2006-00126
J2  - Zoology
L1  - internal-pdf://4293426057/Kurtz2003Sex.pdf
PY  - 2003
SP  - 327-339
ST  - Sex, parasites and resistance - an evolutionary approach
T2  - Zoology
TI  - Sex, parasites and resistance - an evolutionary approach
VL  - 106
ID  - 1603
ER  - 


TY  - JOUR
AU  - Mahler, B.
AU  - Araujo, L. S.
AU  - Tubaru, P. L.
DO  - https://doi.org/10.1093/condor/105.2.258
L1  - internal-pdf://0686325413/Mahler2003Dietary.pdf
PY  - 2003
SP  - 258-267
ST  - Dietary and sexual correlates of carotenoid pigment expression in dove plumage
T2  - Condor
TI  - Dietary and sexual correlates of carotenoid pigment expression in dove plumage
VL  - 105
ID  - 1770
ER  - 


TY  - JOUR
AU  - Massaro, M.
AU  - Davis, L. S.
AU  - Darby, J. T.
DO  - https://doi.org/10.1007/s00265-003-0683-3
J2  - Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol.
L1  - internal-pdf://2424675582/Massaro2003.Carotenoid.pdf
PY  - 2003
SP  - 169-175
ST  - Carotenoid-derived ornaments reflect parental quality in male and female yellow-eyed penguins (Megadyptes antipodes)
T2  - Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology
TI  - Carotenoid-derived ornaments reflect parental quality in male and female yellow-eyed penguins (Megadyptes antipodes)
VL  - 55
ID  - 1794
ER  - 


TY  - JOUR
AB  - 
Many male birds use carotenoid pigments to acquire brilliant colors that advertise their health and condition to prospective mates. The direct means by which the most colorful males achieve superior health has been debated, however. One hypothesis, based on studies of carotenoids as antioxidants in humans and other animals, is that carotenoids directly boost the immune system of colorful birds. We studied the relationship between carotenoid pigments, immune function, and sexual coloration in zebra finches (Taeniopygia guttata), a species in which males incorporate carotenoid pigments into their beak to attract mates. We tested the hypotheses that increased dietary carotenoid intake enhances immunocompetence in male zebra finches and that levels of carotenoids circulating in blood, which also determine beak coloration, directly predict the immune response of individuals. We experimentally supplemented captive finches with two common dietary carotenoid pigments (lutein and zeaxanthin) and measured cell-mediated and humoral immunity a month later. Supplemented males showed elevated blood-carotenoid levels, brighter beak coloration, and increased cell-mediated and humoral immune responses than did controls. Cell-mediated responses were predicted directly by changes in beak color and plasma carotenoid concentration of individual birds. These experimental findings suggest that carotenoid-based color signals in birds may directly signal male health via the immunostimulatory action of ingested and circulated carotenoid pigments.
AU  - McGraw, K. J.
AU  - Ardia, D. R.
DO  - https://doi.org/10.1086/378904
IS  - 6
J2  - Am. Nat.
L1  - internal-pdf://3089135779/McGraw2003Carotenoids.pdf
PY  - 2003
SP  - 704-712
ST  - Carotenoids, immunocompetence, and the information content of sexual colors: an experimental test
T2  - American Naturalist
TI  - Carotenoids, immunocompetence, and the information content of sexual colors: an experimental test
VL  - 162
ID  - 1774
ER  - 


TY  - JOUR
AB  - suggest that biliverdin derived blue-green can be a signal ofantioxidant capacity or condition in general. They publish this and refus eot publish my fucking signals idea. Assholes!
AU  - Moreno, J.
AU  - Osomo, J. L.
DO  - https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1461-0248.2003.00505.x
J2  - Ecol. Lett.
KW  - egg colour
antioxidant
L1  - internal-pdf://3310156442/Moreno2003Avian.pdf
PY  - 2003
SP  - 803-806
ST  - Avian egg colour and sexual selection: does egg pigmentation reflect female condition and genetic quality
T2  - Ecology Letters
TI  - Avian egg colour and sexual selection: does egg pigmentation reflect female condition and genetic quality
VL  - 6
ID  - 1795
ER  - 


TY  - JOUR
AU  - Navarra, K. J.
AU  - Hill, R. W.
DO  - https://doi.org/10.1093/beheco/arg085
J2  - Behav. Ecol. 
L1  - internal-pdf://3217575071/Navarra2003Dietary.pdf
PY  - 2003
SP  - 909-919
ST  - Dietary carotenoid pigments and immune function in a songbird with extensive carotenoid-based plumage coloration
T2  - Behavioral Ecology
TI  - Dietary carotenoid pigments and immune function in a songbird with extensive carotenoid-based plumage coloration
VL  - 14
ID  - 1864
ER  - 


TY  - JOUR
AB  - Female pheasants may base their choice of mates on the expression of male ornaments such as the red chin wattle and the length of the spurs. Both these ornaments are predicted to be sensitive to access to carotenoids (and vitamins). Moreover, because carotenoids also enhance immune function, it has been suggested that there is a trade-off in the use of carotenoids for ornament expression and immune function. We fed adult male ring-necked pheasants (Phasianus colchicus) with food of different nutritional quality. This relieved males from restrictions of access to dietary carotenoids and allowed us to study the simultaneous effect on ornament expression (wattle size and redness, spur length) and immune responsiveness. Two treatment groups were given either a low or a high quality fodder between late February and late May, when males were 8-11 months old. As a result of the food-quality manipulation, males in the high nutrient group achieved significantly redder wattles whereas no significant effect was found for either wattle size or spur length. There was a non-significant tendency that the antibody response to one out of two novel antigens was affected by the experimental treatment, but the mean production of antibodies against the two antigens (diphtheria and tetanus toxoid) was not significantly related to the experimental treatments. Over the experimental period, the change in humoral immune responsiveness was positively related to the increase in spur length, but not related to the change in wattle colouration. We suggest that wattle colour may be an honest indicator of males' ability to find or assimilate dietary carotenoids, but we found no firm evidence that the mechanism maintaining honesty is a trade-off between the use of carotenoids for ornament colouration and general immune function. In contrast, our study lends some support to the idea that spur length, a sexually selected trait, may reflect humoral immunocompetence in male pheasants.
AU  - Ohlsson, T.
AU  - Smith, H. G.
AU  - Råberg, L.
AU  - Hasselquist, D.
DO  - https://doi.org/10.1080/08927014.2003.9522688
J2  - Ethol. Ecol. Evol.
L1  - internal-pdf://Ohlsson2003Effects-3488218639/Ohlsson2003Effects.pdf
PY  - 2003
SP  - 31-42 
ST  - Effects of nutrition on sexual ornaments and humoral immune responsiveness in adult male pheasants
T2  - Ethology Ecology & Evolution
TI  - Effects of nutrition on sexual ornaments and humoral immune responsiveness in adult male pheasants
VL  - 15
ID  - 1896
ER  - 


TY  - JOUR
AU  - Pryke, S. R.
AU  - Andersson, S.
DO  - https://doi.org/10.1006/anbe.2003.2193
J2  - Anim. Behav.
L1  - internal-pdf://3048643277/Pryke2003CarotenoidBasedEpaulettes.pdf
PY  - 2003
SP  - 217-224
ST  - Carotenoid-based epaulettes reveal male competitive ability: experiments with resident and floater red-shouldered widowbirds
T2  - Animal Behaviour
TI  - Carotenoid-based epaulettes reveal male competitive ability: experiments with resident and floater red-shouldered widowbirds
VL  - 66
ID  - 1775
ER  - 


TY  - JOUR
AU  - Pryke, S. R.
AU  - Andersson, S. 
DO  - https://doi.org/10.1007/s00265-003-0587-2
J2  - Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol.
L1  - internal-pdf://0350908076/Pryke2003CarotenoidBasedStatus.pdf
PY  - 2003
SP  - 393-401
ST  - Carotenoid-based status signalling in red-shouldered widowbirds (Euplectes axillaris): epaulet size and redness affect captive and territorial competition
T2  - Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology
TI  - Carotenoid-based status signalling in red-shouldered widowbirds (Euplectes axillaris): epaulet size and redness affect captive and territorial competition
VL  - 53
ID  - 1897
ER  - 


TY  - JOUR
AU  - Saino, N.
AU  - Ambrosini, R.
AU  - Martinelli, R.
AU  - Ninni, P.
AU  - Møller, A. P.
DO  - https://doi.org/10.1093/beheco/14.1.16
IS  - 1
J2  - Behav. Ecol.
L1  - internal-pdf://3308331018/Saino2003Gape.pdf
PY  - 2003
SP  - 16-22
ST  - Gape coloration reliably reflects immunocopetence of barn swallow (Hirundo rustica) nestlings
T2  - Behavioral Ecology
TI  - Gape coloration reliably reflects immunocopetence of barn swallow (Hirundo rustica) nestlings
VL  - 14
ID  - 1744
ER  - 


TY  - JOUR
AB  - 1. Many birds sequester carotenoid pigments in colourful patches of feathers to advertise or compete for mates. Because carotenoids can be scarce in nature and serve valuable physiological functions, only the highest-quality individuals are thought to acquire or allocate more pigments for use in sexual displays. 2. A critical but rarely tested assumption of carotenoid-based signals is that the colour of pigmented feather patches directly reveals the total amount of carotenoids contained within them. 3. We studied the relationship between carotenoid-based coloration (hue, chroma and brightness) and the pigment content of tail feathers in wild-caught and captive male greenfinches (Carduelis chloris [Linnaeus]). Greenfinches incorporate two main carotenoids - canary xanthophylls A and B - into feathers to develop yellow patches of colour in their tail. 4. Variation in feather carotenoid content explained 32-51% of variation in chroma and hue of the yellow parts of tail feathers, while feather brightness was not significantly related to carotenoid concentration. Hence, chroma and hue appear good candidates to indicate feather carotenoid content. 5. Birds with the most colourful feathers deposited significantly more of both canary xanthophylls into plumage. Thus, there does not appear to be a specific biochemical strategy for becoming colourful in greenfinches; males instead follow the general decision rule to deposit as many xanthophylls as possible into feathers to become yellow.
AU  - Saks, L.
AU  - McGraw, K.
AU  - Hõrak, P.
DO  - https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2435.2003.00765.x
IS  - 4
J2  - Funct. Ecol.
L1  - internal-pdf://1345990956/Saks2003How.pdf
PY  - 2003
SP  - 555-561
ST  - How feather colour reflects its carotenoid content
T2  - Functional Ecology
TI  - How feather colour reflects its carotenoid content
VL  - 17
ID  - 1773
ER  - 


TY  - JOUR
AU  - Saks, L.
AU  - Ots, I.
AU  - Hõrak, P.
DO  - https://doi.org/10.1007/s00442-002-1125-z
L1  - internal-pdf://0604574000/Saks2003Carotenoid.pdf
PY  - 2003
SP  - 301-307
ST  - Carotenoid-based plumage coloration of male greenfinches reflects immunocompetence
T2  - Oecologia
TI  - Carotenoid-based plumage coloration of male greenfinches reflects immunocompetence
VL  - 134
ID  - 1771
ER  - 


TY  - JOUR
AU  - Torres, R.
AU  - Velando, A.
DO  - https://doi.org/10.1007/s00265-003-0669-1
J2  - Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol.
L1  - internal-pdf://1414368033/Torres2003ADynamic.pdf
PY  - 2003
SP  - 65-72
ST  - A dynamic trait affects continous pair assessment in the blue-footed booby, Sula nebouxii
T2  - Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology
TI  - A dynamic trait affects continous pair assessment in the blue-footed booby, Sula nebouxii
VL  - 55
ID  - 1793
ER  - 


TY  - JOUR
AU  - Tschirren, B.
AU  - Fitze, P. S.
AU  - Richner, H.
DO  - https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1420-9101.2003.00483.x
J2  - J. Evol. Biol.
L1  - internal-pdf://1820702006/Tschirren2003Proximate.pdf
PY  - 2003
SP  - 91-100
ST  - Proximate mechanisms of variation in the carotenoid-based plumage coloration of nestling great tits (Parus major L.)
T2  - Journal of Evolutionary Biology
TI  - Proximate mechanisms of variation in the carotenoid-based plumage coloration of nestling great tits (Parus major L.)
VL  - 16
ID  - 1615
ER  - 


TY  - JOUR
AB  - Carotenoid-based sexual traits are thought to be reliable indicators of male quality because they might be scarce and therefore might indicate the ability of males to gather high-quality food and because they are involved in important physiological functions (as immune enhancers and antioxidants). We performed an experiment where male and female zebra finches (Taeniopygia guttata) were provided with increasing carotenoid doses in the drinking water during 4 weeks (bill color of this species is a carotenoid-based sexual signal). Simultaneously, birds were split into two groups: one receiving weekly injections of Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide in order to activate the immune system, the other being injected with the same volume of phosphate buffered saline. We assessed how carotenoid availability and immune activation affected the amount of circulating plasma carotenoids, the beak color, and the antioxidant defenses (assessed as the resistance of red blood cells to a controlled free radical attack). Carotenoid availability affected the amount of circulating carotenoids and beak color; both variables reached a plateau at the highest carotenoid doses. Immune activation diverted carotenoids from plasma, and this in turn affected the expression of the sexual trait. Finally, we found a positive correlation between the change in circulating carotenoids and antioxidant defenses. These results support the idea that carotenoids have important physiological properties that ensure the honesty of carotenoid-based sexual traits.
AN  - 7339
AU  - Alonso-Alvarez, C.
AU  - Bertrand, S.
AU  - Devevey, G.
AU  - Gaillard, M.
AU  - Prost, J.
AU  - Faivre, B.
AU  - Sorci, G.
DO  - https://doi.org/10.1086/424971
J2  - Am. Nat.
KW  - zebra finch
LPS
immune methods
L1  - internal-pdf://0508514584/Alonso-Alvarez2004An.pdf
N1  - NOT IN FILE
PY  - 2004
SP  - 651-659
ST  - An experimental test of the dose-dependent effect of carotenoids and immune activation on sexual signals and antioxidant activity
T2  - American Naturalist
TI  - An experimental test of the dose-dependent effect of carotenoids and immune activation on sexual signals and antioxidant activity
VL  - 164
ID  - 1426
ER  - 


TY  - JOUR
AB  - Sexual ornaments are favoured to be both less integrated with other organismal traits for greater expression, and yet more integrated with organismal development and functions to better indicate the physiological quality of an organism. Two conceptual approaches in morphological evolution - the consideration of internal and external processes and the evolution of integration and modularity - are useful in resolving this apparent paradox, yet these approaches are mostly overlooked in studies of the development of sexual displays. Moreover, whereas recent studies have recognized the evolutionary continuum of the mechanisms by which sexual selection operates, the consequences for the evolution of development of sexual displays are not well understood. Here I suggest that the concept of morphological integration may provide a useful framework for understanding the development and evolution of sexual ornamentation.
AU  - Badyaev, A. V.
J2  - Evol. Ecol. Res.
L1  - internal-pdf://Badyaev2004Developmental-3622262031/Badyaev2004Developmental.pdf
PY  - 2004
SP  - 975-991
ST  - Developmental perspective on the evolution of sexual ornaments
T2  - Evolutionary Ecology Research
TI  - Developmental perspective on the evolution of sexual ornaments
VL  - 6
ID  - 1898
ER  - 


TY  - JOUR
AU  - Blount, J. D.
DO  - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.abb.2004.03.039
J2  - Arch. Biochem. Biophys.
L1  - internal-pdf://2958947784/Blount2004Carotenoids.pdf
PY  - 2004
SP  - 10-15
ST  - Carotenoids and life-history evolution in animals
T2  - Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics
TI  - Carotenoids and life-history evolution in animals
VL  - 430
ID  - 1854
ER  - 


TY  - JOUR
AU  - Bright, A.
AU  - Waas, J. R.
AU  - King, C. M.
AU  - Cunning, P. D.
DO  - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.beproc.2003.08.003
J2  - Behav. Process.
L1  - internal-pdf://3364401503/Bright2004Bill.pdf
PY  - 2004
SP  - 123-132
ST  - Bill colour and correlates of male quality in blackbirds: an analysis using canonical ordination
T2  - Behavioural Processes
TI  - Bill colour and correlates of male quality in blackbirds: an analysis using canonical ordination
VL  - 65
ID  - 1790
ER  - 


TY  - JOUR
AU  - Fenoglio, S.
AU  - Cucco, M.
AU  - Fracchia, L.
AU  - Martinotti, M. G.
AU  - Malacarne, G. 
DO  - https://doi.org/10.1080/08927014.2004.9522645
J2  - Ethol. Ecol. Evol.
L1  - internal-pdf://Fenoglio2004Shield-1608950543/Fenoglio2004Shield.pdf
PY  - 2004
SP  - 171-180
ST  - Shield colours of the Moorhen are differently related to bacterial presence and health parameters
T2  - Ethology Ecology & Evolution
TI  - Shield colours of the Moorhen are differently related to bacterial presence and health parameters
VL  - 16
ID  - 1899
ER  - 


TY  - JOUR
AU  - Gaillard, M.
AU  - Juillet, C.
AU  - Cézilly, F.
AU  - Perrot-Minnot, M-J.
DO  - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cbpc.2004.07.001
J2  - Comp. Biochem. Physiol. B
L1  - internal-pdf://0529822656/Gaillard2004Carotenoids.pdf
PY  - 2004
SP  - 129-136
ST  - Carotenoids of two freshwater amphipod species (Gammarus pulex and G. roeseli) and their common acanthocephalan parasite Polymorphus minutus
T2  - Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology, Part B
TI  - Carotenoids of two freshwater amphipod species (Gammarus pulex and G. roeseli) and their common acanthocephalan parasite Polymorphus minutus
VL  - 139
ID  - 1853
ER  - 


TY  - JOUR
AB  - Aims: To test the existence of differences in the effects in vitro of a feather-degrading bacteria on bird feathers containing different types of pigments, and thus, of different colours. Methods: Tubes containing feathers from nine bird species and containing three different pigments or no pigments were inoculated with bacteria (Bacillus licheniformis isolated from soil) and incubated at 37°C during eight days. Feather damage was monitored daily. Results and Conclusions: At the end of the experiment nearly all feathers were degraded to dust or fibres. However, melanin-containing feathers suffered from earlier bacterial damage than carotenoid-containing feathers or unpigmented feathers. The feathers last showing signs of bacterial damage were those of a parakeet that contained an unknown green pigment. The pigmentation of a feather, and thus its colour, may determine its susceptibility to bacterial degradation. Therefore if feather degrading bacteria could grow on free-ranging birds, they could play an unsuspected role on the evolution of bird plumage colouration
AU  - Grande, J. M.
AU  - Negro, J. J.
AU  - Torres, M. J. 
DO  - https://www.jstor.org/stable/30243902
J2  - Ardeola
L1  - internal-pdf://Grande2004The-3605294863/Grande2004The.pdf
PY  - 2004
SP  - 375-383.
ST  - The evolution of bird plumage colouration: a role for feather-degrading bacteria? 
T2  - Ardeola
TI  - The evolution of bird plumage colouration: a role for feather-degrading bacteria? 
VL  - 51
ID  - 1900
ER  - 


TY  - JOUR
AU  - Gregoire, A.
AU  - Préault, M
AU  - Cézilly, F.
AU  - Wood, M. J.
AU  - Pradel, R.
AU  - Faivre, B.
DO  - https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1420-9101.2004.00756.x
IS  - 5
L1  - internal-pdf://3133391015/Gregoire2004Stabilizing.pdf
PY  - 2004
SP  - 1152-1156
ST  - Stabilizing natural selection on the early expression of a secondary sexual trait in a passerine bird
T2  - Journal of Evolutionary Biology 
TI  - Stabilizing natural selection on the early expression of a secondary sexual trait in a passerine bird
VL  - 17 
ID  - 1901
ER  - 


TY  - JOUR
AB  - Rarely are the evolutionary origins of mate preferences known, but, recently, the preference of female guppies (Poecilia reticulata) for males with carotenoid-based sexual coloration has been linked to a sensory bias that may have originally evolved for detecting carotenoid-rich fruits. If carotenoids enhance the immune systems of these fishes, as has been suggested for other species, this could explain the origin of the attraction to orange fruits as well as the maintenance of the female preference for orange males. We used the classic immunological technique of tissue grafting to assay a component of the immune response of guppies raised on two different dietary levels of carotenoids. Individual scales were transplanted between pairs of unrelated fishes, creating reciprocal allografts. Transplanted scales were scored on a six-point rejection scale every day for 10 days. Five days later, the same pairs of fishes received a second set of allografts and were scored again. Compared with low-carotenoid-diet males, high-carotenoid-diet males mounted a significantly stronger rejection response to the second allograft but not to the first allograft. High-carotenoid-diet females, however, showed no improvement in graft rejection compared with low-carotenoid-diet females. To our knowledge, this is the first experimental evidence for sex-specific effects of carotenoid consumption on the immune system of a species with carotenoid-based sexual coloration. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that the mate preference for carotenoid coloration is maintained by the benefits to females of choosing healthy mates, but they cast doubt on the idea that the benefits of carotenoid consumption, per se, could account for the origin of the preference. The sex-specificity of carotenoid effects on allograft rejection in guppies provides indirect support for the general hypothesis that males pay an immunological cost for sexual ornamentation.
AD  - Department of Organismic Biology, Ecology and Evolution, University of California, 621 Charles E. Young Drive South, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1606, USA. ggrether@ucla.edu
AN  - 15002770
AU  - Grether, G. F.
AU  - Kasahara, S.
AU  - Kolluru, G. R.
AU  - Cooper, E. L.
DA  - Jan 7
DO  - https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2003.2526
ET  - 2004/03/09
IS  - 1534
J2  - Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B
KW  - Trinidad and Tobago
L1  - internal-pdf://4176815635/Grether2004Sex.pdf
LA  - eng
N1  - Grether, Gregory F
Kasahara, Shinji
Kolluru, Gita R
Cooper, Edwin L
Comparative Study
Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.
England
Proceedings. Biological sciences / The Royal Society
Proc Biol Sci. 2004 Jan 7;271(1534):45-9.
PY  - 2004
SN  - 0962-8452 (Print)
SP  - 45-9
ST  - Sex-specific effects of carotenoid intake on the immunological response to allografts in guppies (Poecilia reticulata)
T2  - Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B
TI  - Sex-specific effects of carotenoid intake on the immunological response to allografts in guppies (Poecilia reticulata)
UR  - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=15002770
VL  - 271
ID  - 1373
ER  - 


TY  - JOUR
AU  - Grether, G. F.
AU  - Kolluru, G. R.
AU  - Nersissian, K.
DO  - https://doi.org/10.1017/S1464793103006390
J2  - Biol. Rev.
L1  - internal-pdf://2514352157/Grether2004Individual.pdf
PY  - 2004
SP  - 583-610
ST  - Individual colour patches as multicomponent signals
T2  - Biological Reviews
TI  - Individual colour patches as multicomponent signals
VL  - 79
ID  - 1728
ER  - 


TY  - JOUR
AU  - Hill, G. E.
AU  - Farmer, K. L.
AU  - Beck, M. L.
DO  - https://doi.org/10.1242/jeb.00998
J2  - J. Exp. Biol.
L1  - internal-pdf://1240721169/HIll2004The.pdf
PY  - 2004
SP  - 2095-2099
ST  - The effects of mycoplasmosis on carotenoid plumage coloration in male house finches
T2  - Journal of Experimental Biology 
TI  - The effects of mycoplasmosis on carotenoid plumage coloration in male house finches
VL  - 207
ID  - 1902
ER  - 


TY  - JOUR
AB  - The aim of this study was to examine the mechanisms by which parasites can affect the expression of ornamental traits. Levels of an intestinal coccidian parasite, Isospora lacazei, were manipulated in captive male greenfinches (Carduelis chloris) by suppressing the natural infections with a coccidiostatic sulphonamide drug. Subsequently, half the birds were experimentally infected, while another half continued receiving medication. Over the course of the experiment the effect of our treatments upon 14 mainly haemato-serological condition indices was recorded. Additionally, changes in colour and carotenoid content of yellow tail and breast feathers, which serve as sexually dimorphic ornamental traits, were measured. Eighty-nine per cent of birds hosted chronic isosporan infection before the experiment, yet experimental inoculation with mixed parasite strains resulted in drastic but transient decreases in serum carotenoid, vitamin E, triglyceride and albumin concentrations, and reduced body mass, indicating serious pathology and probable nutrient malabsorption due to damaged intestinal epithelium. Laboratory-grown tail feathers of infected birds contained 52% less carotenoids and also had smaller values of chroma and hue than those of medicated birds. These results suggest that coccidian infection reduced the expression of plumage coloration by creating a deficiency of carotenoids available for deposition in ornamental feathers.
AN  - 7342
AU  - Hõrak, P.
AU  - Saks, L.
AU  - Karu, U.
AU  - Ots, I.
AU  - Surai, P. F.
AU  - McGraw, K. J.
DO  - https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0021-8790.2004.00870.x
J2  - J. Anim. Ecol.
KW  - ZHI
L1  - internal-pdf://0164533398/Horak2004How.pdf
N1  - NOT IN FILE
PY  - 2004
SP  - 935-947
ST  - How coccidian parasites affect health and appearance of greenfinches
T2  - Journal of Animal Ecology
TI  - How coccidian parasites affect health and appearance of greenfinches
VL  - 73
ID  - 1700
ER  - 


TY  - JOUR
AB  - The concept of parasite-mediated sexual selection assumes that females may improve offspring fitness by selecting mates on the basis of sexual ornaments that honestly reveal the health state of a partner. Expression of such signals may be particularly sensitive to oxidative damage caused by excess production of oxidative metabolites and free radicals. To control and neutralise free radicals, animals rely heavily on dietary fat-soluble antioxidants such as vitamin E and A, and carotenoids. However, the organism's need for free radical scavenging may interfere with the opposite need to generate oxidative stress for fighting parasitic infections. We investigated plasma concentrations of carotenoids and vitamin A and E in brood-rearing great tits Parus major in relation to carotenoid-based plumage coloration, sex, habitat, leukocyte hemoconcentrations and infection status with Haemoproteus blood parasites. Rural great tits differed from urban ones and males from females with respect to the hue of the yellow ventral feathers. However, plasma antioxidant concentrations were not related to sex, habitat or plumage coloration. Plasma carotenoid concentration correlated positively with indices of immune system activation as measured by blood counts of lymphocytes and eosinophils. Birds with gametocytes of Haemoproteus in their blood had higher plasma concentrations of carotenoids and vitamin E than unparasitized individuals. These results are consistent with the idea that maintenance of high blood antioxidant levels might conflict with individual needs to rely on oxidative stress for fighting infections.
AD  - Horak, P
Univ Tartu, Inst Zool & Hydrobiol, Vanemuise 46, EE-51014 Tartu, Estonia
Univ Tartu, Inst Zool & Hydrobiol, EE-51014 Tartu, Estonia
Univ Paris 06, CRNS UMR 7103, Lab Parasitol Evolut, F-75252 Paris, France
Scottish Agr Coll, Avian Sci Res Ctr, Auchincruive KA6 5HW, Ayr, Scotland
AN  - ISI:000188947200011
AU  - Hõrak, P.
AU  - Surai, P. F.
AU  - Ots, I.
AU  - Møller, A. P.
DA  - Jan
DO  - https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0908-8857.2004.03167.x
IS  - 1
J2  - J. Avian Biol.
KW  - vitamin-e
plasma carotenoids
sexual selection
phenotypic plasticity
parasites
infections
chickens
stress
birds
color
L1  - internal-pdf://1027824033/Horak2004Fat.pdf
LA  - English
N1  - 773WH
Times Cited:7
Cited References Count:50
PY  - 2004
SN  - 0908-8857
SP  - 63-70
ST  - Fat soluble antioxidants in brood-rearing great tits Parus major: relations to health and appearance
T2  - Journal of Avian Biology
TI  - Fat soluble antioxidants in brood-rearing great tits Parus major: relations to health and appearance
UR  - <Go to ISI>://000188947200011
VL  - 35
ID  - 1697
ER  - 


TY  - JOUR
AB  - Carotenoids often influence male coloration, and the carotenoid-based coloration is used for female mate choice in some animals. The positive influence of carotenoids on a variety of physiological systems in animals is also known. Because animals have to obtain carotenoids from their food, the conspicuousness of carotenoid-based coloration may indicate the male's foraging ability for carotenoid-rich food. It is possible, therefore, that females can obtain benefits of the high-foraging ability and, thus, health or vigor of their offspring through their mate preference for the male coloration. In order to test this prediction, we examined the influence of algae-intake (carotenoid-resource in nature) on guppies. By algae-supplement, not only male orange coloration but also growth of both sexes and female reproduction were enhanced compared with fish in control groups, although they got the same amount of energy from their food. However, carotenoid-supplementation did not show the positive influence on growth and reproduction, though male orange coloration became conspicuous. It is possible to explain the difference of the influence on growth and reproduction between algae- and carotenoid-supplement groups in two ways. First, some kinds of carotenoids within algae other than carotenoids used for carotenoid-supplementation play an important role for enhancement of growth and reproduction. Second, other substances (e.g. non-digestible carbohydrates) within algae influenced growth and reproduction through the positive effect on digestive system. Since algae-intake enhanced not only male orange coloration but also growth and reproduction, female guppies may obtain benefits through mate preference for males having brighter coloration and, hence, greater foraging ability for algae.
AU  - Karino, K
AU  - Haijima, Y. 
DO  - https://doi.org/10.1163/1568539041166672
L1  - internal-pdf://Karino2004Algal-4293238287/Karino2004Algal.pdf
PY  - 2004
SP  - 585-601
ST  - Algal-diet enhances sexual ornament, growth and reproduction in the guppy
T2  - Behaviour
TI  - Algal-diet enhances sexual ornament, growth and reproduction in the guppy
VL  - 141
ID  - 1903
ER  - 


TY  - JOUR
AB  - yes, as esxpected MHC diversity increases parasite resistance.
The interesting part, which is not highlighted itn he paper, is that higher MHC diversity is not always best, but there is an optomum, maybe becasue of the risk of self-immunity.
AU  - Kurtz, J.
AU  - Kalbe, M.
AU  - Aeschlimann, P. B.
AU  - Häberli, M. A.
AU  - Wegner, K. M.
AU  - Reusch, T. B. H.
AU  - Milinski, M.
DO  - https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2003.2567
J2  - Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B
KW  - immunity
self-immunity
mhc
L1  - internal-pdf://0992062026/Kurtz2004Major.pdf
PY  - 2004
SP  - 197-204
ST  - Major histocompatibility complex diversity influences parasite resistance and innate immunity in sticklebacks
T2  - Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B
TI  - Major histocompatibility complex diversity influences parasite resistance and innate immunity in sticklebacks
VL  - 271
ID  - 1792
ER  - 


TY  - JOUR
AB  - The immune system is costly to operate, so we expect allocation to this function to relate to other indices of overall phenotypic condition. In captive male ruffs (Philomachus pugnax), we examine covariation between three seasonal male characteristics induced by testosterone (neck ‘ruff’, facial wattles, and increases in mass/size) and cell-mediated and humoral immunity. The ruff has two genetically distinct morphs of males, ‘independents’ and ‘satellites’, which differ in mating behaviour, somewhat in body size, and possibly life history strategy. Ruff length and wattle number were significantly correlated with each other and with body size, but unrelated to mass/size. Humoral immunity was weakly correlated with size, but not with secondary male traits, or with cell-mediated immunity. We did not detect differences in humoral immunity between morphs. Cell-mediated immunity was weakly correlated with ruff length, but not with wattle number, size, or mass/size. Cell mediated immunity decreased significantly with age. Controlling for age, independents had higher cell-mediated immunity responses than satellites. The expected relationships between two measures of immune function and other measures of condition were not always  present, which suggests we need more data and/or more specific predictions about how the different aspects of immune function relate to each other and to ecological variables.
AU  - Lozano, G. A.
AU  - Lank, D.
DO  - https://doi.org/10.1163/1570756042729555
IS  - 4
J2  - Anim. Biol.
KW  - Multiple ornaments
sexual selection
sexual interference
L1  - internal-pdf://1282344468/Lozano2004Immunocompetence.pdf
PY  - 2004
SP  - 315-329
ST  - Immunocompetence and testosterone-induced condition traits in male ruffs (Philomachus pugnax)
T2  - Animal Biology
TI  - Immunocompetence and testosterone-induced condition traits in male ruffs (Philomachus pugnax)
VL  - 54
ID  - 20
ER  - 


TY  - JOUR
AU  - McGraw, K.
DO  - https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0908-8857.2004.03405.x
J2  - J. Avian Biol.
L1  - internal-pdf://3703386463/McGraw2004Colorful.pdf
PY  - 2004
SP  - 471-476
ST  - Colorful songbirds metabolize carotenoids at the integument
T2  - Journal of Avian Biology
TI  - Colorful songbirds metabolize carotenoids at the integument
VL  - 35
ID  - 1881
ER  - 


TY  - JOUR
AU  - McGraw, K.
AU  - Safran, R. J.
AU  - Evans, M. R.
AU  - Wakamatsu, K.
DO  - https://doi.org/10.1093/beheco/arh109
IS  - 5
J2  - Behav. Ecol.
L1  - internal-pdf://0455502527/McGraw2004European.pdf
PY  - 2004
SP  - 889-891
ST  - European barn swallows use melanin pigments to color their feathers brown
T2  - Behavioral Ecology
TI  - European barn swallows use melanin pigments to color their feathers brown
VL  - 15
ID  - 1827
ER  - 


TY  - JOUR
AU  - McGraw, K. J.
AU  - Ardia, D. R.
DO  - https://doi.org/10.1007/s00049-003-0255-z
J2  - Chemoecology
L1  - internal-pdf://0048601175/McGraw2004Immunoregulatory.pdf
PY  - 2004
SP  - 25-29
ST  - Immunoregulatory activity of different dietary carotenoids in male zebra finches
T2  - Chemoecology
TI  - Immunoregulatory activity of different dietary carotenoids in male zebra finches
VL  - 14
ID  - 1786
ER  - 


TY  - JOUR
AU  - McGraw, K. J.
AU  - Nogare, M. C.
DO  - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cbpc.2004.03.011
J2  - Comp. Biochem. Physiol. B
L1  - internal-pdf://3910893725/McGraw2004Carotenoid.pdf
PY  - 2004
SP  - 229-233
ST  - Carotenoid pigments and the selectivity of psittacofulvin-based coloration systems in parrots
T2  - Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology, Part B
TI  - Carotenoid pigments and the selectivity of psittacofulvin-based coloration systems in parrots
VL  - 138
ID  - 1863
ER  - 


TY  - JOUR
AU  - McGraw, K. J.
AU  - Schuetz, J. G.
DO  - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cbpc.2004.06.006
J2  - Comp. Biochem. Physiol. B
L1  - internal-pdf://0991881526/McGraw2004The.pdf
PY  - 2004
SP  - 45-51
ST  - The evolution of carotenoid coloration in estrilid finches: a biochemical analysis
T2  - Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology, Part B
TI  - The evolution of carotenoid coloration in estrilid finches: a biochemical analysis
VL  - 139
ID  - 1852
ER  - 


TY  - JOUR
AU  - Moreno, J.
J2  - Ardeola
L1  - internal-pdf://Moreno2004Avian-3086075151/Moreno2004Avian.pdf
PY  - 2004
SP  - 51-70
ST  - Avian reproduction in a Mediterranean context: contribution of ornithological research in Spain
T2  - Ardeola
TI  - Avian reproduction in a Mediterranean context: contribution of ornithological research in Spain
VL  - 51
ID  - 1904
ER  - 


TY  - JOUR
AB  - male tail length, the main secondary sexual character, body condition, and hematocrit were negatively correlated with arrival date in the first year, indicating better quality of early arriving males. In the second year, better environmental conditions advanced arrival of the entire population by weeks. In this season we could show no relationship between arrival and tail length or body condition. Moreover, a lower value of sedimentation rate and a brighter colour of the red throat feathers indicated better health status of the population. Arrival date is a condition-dependent character in barn swallows, since we found high repeatability of arrival date, lower values of carotenoids in blood and a lower depletion of carotenoids in blood shortly after arrival in early arriving males. This suggests that early arriving males either use fewer antioxidants for free radical scavenging, or they have differential access to antioxidants.
AU  - Ninni, P.
AU  - de Lope, F.
AU  - Saino, N.
AU  - Haussy, C.
AU  - Møller, A. P.
DO  - https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0030-1299.2004.12516.x
L1  - internal-pdf://3260640066/Ninni2004Antioxidants.pdf
PY  - 2004
SP  - 55-64
ST  - Antioxidants and condition-dependence of arrival date in a migratory passerine
T2  - Oikos
TI  - Antioxidants and condition-dependence of arrival date in a migratory passerine
VL  - 105
ID  - 1788
ER  - 


TY  - JOUR
AU  - Peters, A.
AU  - Delhey, K.
AU  - Denk, A. G.
AU  - Kempenaers, B. 
DO  - https://doi.org/10.1086/421302
J2  - Am. Nat.
L1  - internal-pdf://2878084050/Peters2004Trade.pdf
PY  - 2004
SP  - 51-59
ST  - Trade-offs between immune investment and sexual signalling in male mallards
T2  - American Naturalist 
TI  - Trade-offs between immune investment and sexual signalling in male mallards
VL  - 164
ID  - 1906
ER  - 


TY  - JOUR
AU  - Peters, A.
AU  - Denk, A. G.
AU  - Delhey, K.
AU  - Kempenaers, B. 
DO  - https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1420-9101.2004.00743.x
IS  - 5
L1  - internal-pdf://3307002389/Peters2004Carotenoid.pdf
PY  - 2004
SP  - 1111-1120
ST  - Carotenoid-based bill colour as an indicator of immunocompetence and sperm performance in male mallards
T2  - Journal of Evolutionary Biology
TI  - Carotenoid-based bill colour as an indicator of immunocompetence and sperm performance in male mallards
VL  - 17
ID  - 1905
ER  - 


TY  - JOUR
AU  - Tella, J. L.
AU  - Figuerola, J.
AU  - Negro, J. J.
AU  - Blanco, G.
AU  - Rodríguez-Estrella, R.
AU  - Forero, M. G.
AU  - Green, A. J.
AU  - Hiraldo, F.
DO  - https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1420-9101.2003.00634.x
L1  - internal-pdf://0609132641/Tella2004Ecological.pdf
PY  - 2004
SP  - 156-164
ST  - Ecological, morphological and phylogenetic correlates of interspecific variation in plasma carotenoid concentration in birds
T2  - Journal of Evolutionary Biology
TI  - Ecological, morphological and phylogenetic correlates of interspecific variation in plasma carotenoid concentration in birds
VL  - 17
ID  - 1791
ER  -